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A wire-shaped flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (WSF-DSSC) without any transparent conducting oxide materials is fabricated. The cell has a helical twisting structure formed by two fiber-like electrodes (100 μm in diameter). Due to the twisting structure, many opaque conducting materials such as metal wire can be applied. It is found that the incident-light-angle dependence of the cell's IV output is extremely low.
Fan et al. (Thu,) studied this question.