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To investigate whether the production of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) by vascular endothelial cells is regulated by hemodynamic force, we exposed cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to controlled levels of shear stress in a flow-loading apparatus and examined changes in the production of CSFs at both the protein and mRNA level. Exposure of HUVECs to a shear stress of 15 and 25 dyne/cm2 markedly increased the release of granulocyte-macrophage CSF (GM-CSF) detected by ELISA to 5.0 and 9.5 times, respectively, the amount released by the static controls at 24 hours, but it had no significant influence on the release of granulocyte CSF or macrophage CSF. The results of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that GM-CSF mRNA began to increase as early as 2 hours after initiation of 15 dyne/cm2 shear stress and continued to increase with time, reaching a peak of about four times the control levels at 24 hours. This increase in GM-CSF mRNA levels in response to shear stress depended on protein synthesis, because it was blocked by cycloheximide. Neither nuclear run-on assay or luciferase assay using a reporter gene containing GM-CSF gene promoter showed any significant change in transcription of the GM-CSF gene even after 24-hour exposure to a shear stress of 15 dyne/cm2. Actinomycin D chase experiments using a competitive polymerase chain reaction showed that shear stress extended the half-life of GM-CSF mRNA from approximately 23 to 42 minutes in HUVECs. These findings suggest that fluid shear stress increases the production of GM-CSF in HUVECs via mRNA stabilization.
Kosaki et al. (Mon,) studied this question.