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This paper presents new terms for analyzing individuals’ national attitudes and their conceptualization and operationalization, a universal psychological structure in which these concepts interconnect, and a nationalism explanatory model. Three empirical studies using anonymous self‐administered surveys served to test and improve national attitude assessment and its developmental theory. These empirical studies were conducted in a well‐established state (the Netherlands), a recently established state (Slovakia), and a region in which a considerable proportion of citizens are striving to develop a new independent state (the Basque Autonomous Community of Spain).
Dekker et al. (Sun,) studied this question.