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Low frequency components of states or outputs in pulse-width modulation (PWM) dc and ac converters can be characterized by differential equations called describing state-space equations. These equations are derived by inspection of converter topology and use of switching functions and duty ratios. Their steady-state and small-signal dynamic solutions show how energy-storage elements in a converter/load system shape the frequency response of conversion functions established by the switches.
Khai D. T. Ngo (Wed,) studied this question.