The use of dogs in search, rescue and recovery

Ground SAR work is a demanding activity that requires trained dogs to work reliably for hours in various terrain and environmental conditions. Factors that would affect a dog's physical performance in conditions imitating a real SAR mission remain poorly studied. We tested a total of 50 shepherd dogs between 2 and 10 years of age. The group comprised dogs that were both certified and uncertified in SAR work. Testing took place during 5 simulated all-day search sessions. We wanted to know how terrain slope, vegetation cover, ambient temperature, and the number of search rounds would affect locomotor activity of both certified and uncertified dogs. The locomotor activity of dogs was described by vertical and horizontal speed, duration of the search as well as the ratio of time spent in vertical (i.e. uphill) locomotion to total time of locomotion (this ratio is herein referred to as "effectiveness"), and duration of the search. We found out that SAR certification was associated with an increased effectiveness; certified dogs spent more time in energy-conserving horizontal locomotion along contour lines. Terrain and environmental factors influenced both certified and uncertified dogs; a slope of 11° or greater increased vertical speed and duration of searching but decreased effectiveness. Thick vegetation slowed horizontal and vertical locomotion, impaired effectiveness and prolonged search times. Relatively high temperatures (>20 °C) also contributed to longer search times. In order to make quick decisions and attain success during SAR operations, authorities responsible for SAR missions must have a sound knowledge of the locomotor characteristics and skill level (certification level) of SAR dogs in relation to terrain and environmental conditions.