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Batteries packs made of series-parallel connected cells have developed a lot lately. These new solutions brought along with them some safety issues due to the possibility of overcharging or under-discharging of every individual cell that forms the pack. Balancing is one of the most important issues regarding battery management, as without it the individual cell voltages will draft apart over time and the pack's total capacity will also decrease more quickly. This paper presents some theory behind the balancing methods developed so far and presents a new system used for cell balancing.
Cadar et al. (Sat,) studied this question.