Circulating Cell-Free DNA in Sickle Cell Disease: Is It a Potentially Useful Biomarker?

CONTEXT: Vascular occlusion in sickle cell disease causes increased levels of plasma cell-free DNA as a result of cell death and tissue damage. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates plasma cell-free DNA concentrations in sickle cell disease patients, and aims at exploring the significance of plasma cell-free DNA as a potential biomarker in predicting its complications. DESIGN: Plasma cell-free DNA levels were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to quantitatively measure β-globin gene in blood samples from 57 sickle cell disease patients with acute vaso-occlusive crisis, 42 patients in steady state, 16 individuals with sickle cell trait, and 40 healthy controls. RESULTS: Plasma cell-free DNA level was significantly elevated in samples from patients with acute vaso-occlusive crisis when compared with those in steady state (P = .002), and was significantly higher both in crisis and in steady state when compared with individuals with sickle cell trait and healthy controls (P < .001). There was no difference in cell-free DNA levels between individuals with sickle cell trait and healthy controls. There was no association between plasma cell-free DNA levels and various clinical complications of sickle cell disease and comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma cell-free DNA, as quantified by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the β-globin and human telomerase reverse transcriptase genes, is increased in sickle cell disease patients in vaso-occlusive crisis and in steady state compared with individuals with sickle cell trait and healthy controls, and may be used as a tool to diagnose and monitor the sickle cell crisis and differentiate post-packed red cell transfusion sickle cell disease patients from individuals with sickle cell trait.