GIS‐Based Multiple‐Criteria Decision Analysis

Abstract Important and complex spatial decisions, such as allocating land to development or conservation‐oriented goals, require information and tools to aid in understanding the inherent tradeoffs. They also require mechanisms for incorporating and documenting the value judgements of interest groups and decision makers. Multiple‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) is a family of techniques that aid decision makers in formally structuring multi‐faceted decisions and evaluating the alternatives. It has been used for about two decades with geographic information systems (GIS) to analyse spatial problems. However, the variety and complexity of MCDA methods, with their varying terminologies, means that this rich set of tools is not easily accessible to the untrained. This paper provides background for GIS users, analysts and researchers to quickly get up to speed on MCDA, supporting the ultimate goal of making it more accessible to decision makers. A number of factors for describing MCDA problems and selecting methods are outlined then simplified into a decision tree, which organises an introduction of key methods. Approaches range from mathematical programming and heuristic algorithms for simultaneously optimising multiple goals, to more common single‐objective techniques based on weighted addition of criteria values, attainment of criteria thresholds, or outranking of alternatives. There is substantial research that demonstrates ways to couple GIS with multi‐criteria methods, and to adapt MCDA for use in spatially continuous problems. Increasing the accessibility of GIS‐based MCDA provides new opportunities for researchers and practitioners, including web‐based participation and advanced visualisation of decision processes.