Evidence on the Information Content of Accounting Numbers: Accounting-Based and Market-Based Estimates of Systematic Risk

There exists a relatively large body of evidence that is consistent with the proposition that the market for securities (in particular, the New York Stock Exchange) is an efficient market in the sense that market prices react instantaneously and unbiasedly to new information and, therefore, market prices fully reflect all publicly available information. To what extent do accounting numbers reflect the kinds of information reflected in market prices? One might not, of course, expect accounting numbers to reflect all events reflected in current market prices. For example, if an economically significant piece of legislation is under discussion in, say, the United States Senate, then the expected effects (if any) of this legislation may be impounded in current market prices. One should not, however, expect these effects (if any) to be reflected in currently issued accounting numbers because of the nature of accepted accounting procedures. Yet, in general, over a period of time, there may be a systematic correspondence between some types of events reflected in market prices and accounting numbers. That is, over time, there may be a correlation between the information impounded in market prices and that impounded in accounting numbers.