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This article extends Landau's work on redundancy in organizations. Three basic and two hybrid approaches to redundancy are described and compared. The types are explored in the context of redundancy as duplication, and also in the context of redundancy as overlap, with modifications as appropriate. The dynamics of duplication versus overlap are also explored. Issues regarding the "triggering" of redundancy, the difference between redundancy and the `fail-safe" mentality, and redundancy in the special case of secrecy concerns are also discussed.
Allan W. Lerner (Sat,) studied this question.