Disturbance growth in boundary layers subjected to free-stream turbulence

This paper aims at a description of boundary-layer flow which is subjected to free-stream turbulence in the range from 1–6% and is based on both flow visualization results and extensive hot-wire measurements. Such flows develop streamwise elongated regions of high and low streamwise velocity which seem to lead to secondary instability and breakdown to turbulence. The initial growth of the streaky structures is found to be closely related to algebraic or transient growth theory. The data have been used to determine streamwise and spanwise scales of the streaky structures. Both the flow visualization and the hot-wire measurements show that close to the leading edge the spanwise scale is large as compared to the boundary-layer thickness, but further downstream the spanwise scale approaches the boundary-layer thickness. Wavenumber spectra in both the streamwise and the spanwise directions were calculated. A scaling for the streamwise structure of the disturbance was found, which allows us to collapse the spectra from different downstream positions. The scaling combines the facts that the streaky structures increase their streamwise length in the downstream direction which becomes proportional to the boundary-layer thickness and that the energy growth is algebraic, close to proportional to the downstream distance.