How are policy makers using evidence? Models of research utilisation and local NHS policy making: Figure 1

STUDY OBJECTIVE: This paper is based on a qualitative study that aimed to identify factors that facilitate or impede evidence-based policy making at a local level in the UK National Health Service (NHS). It considers how models of research utilisation drawn from the social sciences map onto empirical evidence from this study. DESIGN: A literature review and case studies of social research projects that were initiated by NHS health authority managers or GP fundholders in one region of the NHS. In depth interviews and document analysis were used. SETTING: One NHS region in England. PARTICIPANTS: Policy makers, GPs and researchers working on each of the social research projects selected as case studies. MAIN RESULTS: The direct influence of research evidence on decision making was tempered by factors such as financial constraints, shifting timescales and decision makers' own experiential knowledge. Research was more likely to impact on policy in indirect ways, including shaping policy debate and mediating dialogue between service providers and users. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the role of sustained dialogue between researchers and the users of research in improving the utilisation of research-based evidence in the policy process.