The Effect of Adding Symbols to Written Warning Labels on User Behavior and Receall

The use of consumer products by 144 college students was studied to determine the effects that (a) adding symbols to written warnings, (b) subjects' familiarity with the product, and (c) type of hazard would have on their noticing, recalling, or complying with the warning. Subjective ratings of perceived confidence, hazardousness, likelihood of injury, and severity of injury were also collected. Across all behavioral measures there was a steady decline in the number of subjects who first noticed (88%), then read (46%), and finally followed the warning (27%). In some conditions, however, compliance levels were as high as 42%. Symbols added to written warning labels did not significantly increase levels of compliance. A significant positive relationship was found between the perceived hazardousness of the product and reading, following, and recalling the warning. Factors affecting the user's motivation to read and follow on-product warnings were also noted.