High levels of hopelessness at baseline in middle-aged men were associated with a significantly increased risk of incident hypertension over 4 years (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.56-6.67).
Cohort (n=616)
Does high hopelessness increase the risk of incident hypertension in initially normotensive middle-aged men?
High levels of hopelessness independently predict the development of incident hypertension in middle-aged men.
Effect estimate: OR 3.22 (95% CI 1.56-6.67)
Recent studies have reported that hopelessness is an important factor in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, including ischemic heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and atherosclerotic progression. This study examined the relationship between hopelessness and incident hypertension in a population-based sample of 616 initially normotensive, middle-aged men from eastern Finland, an area with high rates of cardiovascular disease. Participants completed a medical examination and a series of psychological questionnaires at baseline and at the 4-year follow-up. Hopelessness was measured by 2 items assessing negative expectancy about the future and one's goals. A logistic regression model with adjustments for age, body mass index, baseline resting blood pressure, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, parental history of hypertension, and self-reported depressive symptoms revealed that men reporting high levels of hopelessness at baseline were 3 times more likely to become hypertensive (systolic blood pressure > or =165 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure > or =95 mm Hg or confirmed use of antihypertensive medication) in the intervening 4 years than men who were not hopeless (odds ratio, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1. 56, 6.67). Men reporting moderate levels of hopelessness were not at a significantly increased risk of hypertension (odds ratio, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 0.79, 2.07). This is the first study to identify a significant relationship between hopelessness and incident hypertension. Research is needed to explore the neuroendocrine and central nervous system mechanisms underlying this association.
Everson‐Rose et al. (Tue,) conducted a cohort in Incident hypertension (n=616). High levels of hopelessness vs. Not hopeless was evaluated on Incident hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥165 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mm Hg or confirmed use of antihypertensive medication) (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.56-6.67). High levels of hopelessness at baseline in middle-aged men were associated with a significantly increased risk of incident hypertension over 4 years (OR 3.22; 95% CI 1.56-6.67).