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Smart Grid technology is recognized as a key component of the solution to challenges such as the increasing electric demand, an aging utility infrastructure and workforce, and the environmental impact of greenhouse gases produced during electric generation. This paper presents the application of a hybrid optimization algorithm for distributed energy resource (DER) management in Smart Grid operation. The approach emphasizes the advantages of using multiagent systems for profitable operation of a Smart Grid in the energy market. The trading strategy adopted for the auction process is a profit-maximizing adaptive bidding strategy based on risk and competitive equilibrium price prediction. The auctioneer manages the usage of DERs by receiving bids from buyers and asks from sellers. A hybrid-immune-system-based particle swarm optimization is used to minimize the fuel cost for generation assuming realistic market prices for power, distributed generator bids reflecting realistic operational costs, and load bids customized according to the consumers' priorities. The simulation results clearly indicate that the agent-based management is effective in coordinating the various DERs economically and profitably.
Ramachandran et al. (Thu,) studied this question.