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The theoretical possibility that in a limited domain in space the expectation value 〈 (x) 〉 of a neutral spin-0 field may be abnormal (that is to say quite different from its normal vacuum expectation value) is investigated. It is shown that if the ^3 coupling is sufficiently large, then such a configuration can be metastable, and its physical size may become substantially greater than the usual microscopic dimension in particle physics. Furthermore, independent of the strength of the ^3 coupling, if (x) has sufficiently strong scalar interaction with the nucleon field, the state that has an abnormal 〈 (x) 〉 inside a very heavy nucleus can become the minimum-energy state, at least within the tree approximation; in such a state, the "effective" nucleon mass inside the nucleus may be much lower than the normal value. Both possibilities may lead to physical systems that have not yet been observed.
Lee et al. (Mon,) studied this question.