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Meteorological observations from the Anglo-Brazilian Amazonian Climate Observation Study (ABRACOS), together with the global reanalysis from the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and satellite images, have been used to study the spatial extent and intensity of cold surges (known locally as ''friagens'') in the Amazon basin. Case studies are presented of two of the strongest events of the 1994 winter season: 26 June and 10 July 1994. In both events, daily minimum temperatures in southeastern Brazil dropped to near or below 0C, while at the same time minimum temperatures in southern Amazonia (Ji-Parana site) were almost 8C below average. Air temperature and humidity also fell in central and western Amazonia (Manaus and Maraba ites, respectively), although the fact that these reductions were less substantial than those farther to the south indicates that the cold air is greatly modified as it moves across Amazonia.
Marengo et al. (Sat,) studied this question.