The lifetime of axion stars

We investigate the decay of condensates of scalars in a field theory defined by Formula: see text, where Formula: see text and Formula: see text are the mass and decay constant of the scalar field. An example of such a theory is that of the axion, in which case the condensates are called axion stars. The axion field, Formula: see text, is self-adjoint. As a result, the axion number is not an absolutely conserved quantity. Therefore, axion stars are not stable and have finite lifetimes. Bound axions, localized on the volume of the star, have a coordinate uncertainty Formula: see text, where Formula: see text is the radius of the star and Formula: see text. Here Formula: see text and Formula: see text are the mass, and the ground state energy of the bound axion. Then the momentum distribution of axions has a width of Formula: see text. At strong binding, Formula: see text, bound axions can easily transfer a sufficient amount of momentum to create and emit a free axion, leading to fast decay of the star with a transition rate Formula: see text. However, when Formula: see text, the momentum distribution is more restricted, and as shown in this paper, the transition rate for creating a free axion decreases as Formula: see text. Then sufficiently large, weakly bound axion stars, produced after the Big Bang, survive until the present time. We plot the region of their stability, limited by decay through axion loss and by gravitational instability, as a function of the mass of the axion and the mass of the star.