Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease

For patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the leading cause of mortality is cardiovascular disease. One of the main novel risk factors is oxidative stress, which occurs when there is overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or a reduction in antioxidant defense capacity. Oxidative stress is involved in the progression of renal injury, pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and exacerbation of disease burden in CKD patients. In addition, uremic-and dialysis-associated factors in these patients further contribute to oxidative stress via a proinflammatory state, including exposure to dialysate endotoxins or the use of bioincompatible hemodialysis dialyzer membranes. Consequences of oxidative stress in CKD patients include atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, and anemia. Strategies to combat oxidative stress include antioxidant therapies such as vitamins C and E or N-acetylcysteine (NAC). While these antioxidant strategies are promising, few interventional studies have examined their effects until now. In light of the disparate experimental and clinical data, large, randomized, long-term studies are required to establish their efficacy and safety in CKD patients.