A systematic review and meta-analysis of teachers' development of digital literacy

Teachers’ development of digital literacy (DL) is gaining importance with the increase in the integration and adoption of information and communication technologies in educational contexts. The focus has been predominantly on students and not much on teachers, who require greater attention due to rapid transformation of both school systems and digital systems’ applications. The goal of this systematic literature review is to draw attention of researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners associated with education systems for considering ‘digital literacy for the professional development of teachers’ as an agenda for the transformation at both individual level and organizational level. Applying the methodology elaborated by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, 16 peer-reviewed articles were selected. Constant-comparative method was used for the qualitative analysis. This paper reports on three main categories: (a) definition of digital literacy, (b) development of digital literacy of pre-service and in-service teachers and (c) models for the development and evaluation of digital literacy. The general definitions of DL include the elements of technical, cognitive, and social aspects. The circumstances and conditions in relation to both pre-service and in-service teachers can help to create a culture that develops DL. Existing DL models can be adopted in teacher education programs and schools and can thus be verified.