Regional Security Cooperation in the Post-Soviet Space

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan are members of both the CSTO and the SCO. The CSTO also includes Belarus and Armenia, while the SCO includes China, plus Mongolia, India, Pakistan, and Iran as observers, and Belarus and Sri Lanka as dialogue partners. 2. I. Kramnik, “SCO Exercises—Preparing for Exams,” RIA Novosti, September 16, 2010, , last accessed July 8, 2011. 3. “CSTO Exercise Kicks Off in Chelyabinsk Region,” RIA Novosti, October 25, 2010, , last accessed July 8, 2011. 4. D. Satpaev, “CSTO Exercise in Kazakhstan Aimed against the Taliban,” RIA Novosti, October 16, 2009. , last accessed July 8, 2011. 5. “Active Phase of the SCO Exercise ‘Peaceful Mission 2010’ Kicks Off,” RIA Novosti, September 24, 2010,, last accessed July 8, 2011. 6. Declaration of the 10th session of the Council of SCO Heads of State, Tashkent, June 10–11, 2010. , last accessed July 8, 2011. 7. The practice of informal CSTO summits was born after the conflict in South Ossetia in August 2008: the first meeting in this format was held in Borovoe (Kazakhstan) on December 19–21, 2008. 8. Amitav Acharya and Alastair Iain Johnston, eds., Crafting Cooperation: Regional Institutions in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 318. 9. Amitav Acharya and Alastair Iain Johnston, eds., Crafting Cooperation: Regional Institutions in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 255–268. 10. The SCO includes a multi-tier system of participation in the organization's activities, including full membership (China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan), observers (Mongolia, Iran, India, and Pakistan), dialogue partners (Belarus, Sri Lanka) and guests of the summit (Afghanistan, Turkmenistan). 11. “Fifth Anniversary SCO Declaration, Shanghai, June 15, 2006,” , last accessed July 8, 2011. 12. “Fifth Anniversary SCO Declaration, Shanghai, June 15, 2006,” , last accessed July 8, 2011. 13. The term “authoritarian capitalism” is usually applied to Latin America and Asia. 14. The term illiberal democracy was first used by Daniel Bell in his book Towards Illiberal Democracy in Pacific Asia (London: Macmillan, 1995). It became popular after the publication in 1997 of an article by Fareed Zakaria in the Foreign Affairs journal (F. Zakaria, “The Rise of Illiberal Democracy,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 1997). According to Zakaria, illiberal democracies have elections, but the other principles of constitutional liberalism, such as the rule of law and human rights, are not respected. 15. “Strategic Concept For the Defence and Security of The Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation,” Lisbon, 2010, 19–20 November , last accessed July 8, 2011. 16. S. Umerenkov, “Russian Foreign Affairs Minister Sergey Lavrov: ‘Network diplomacy is needed more than ever’,” Izvestiya, December 28, 2006. , last accessed July 8, 2011). 17. Russian Foreign Policy Concept of July 12, 2008, , last accessed July 8, 2011. 18. Such a conclusion was reached by the participants at a round table held by the National Television of Afghanistan, including expert and politician Waheed Mojda and the former foreign minister in the Taliban government, Mullah Wakil Ahmed Muttawakil. For more information on the event see the “Accents” report of March 2, 2010 by the Center for Modern Afghan Studies.