Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings.

The Logic of the Inventory.- The Legacy of the Past.- What Is a Disaster?.- The Search Process.- A Conceptual Taxonomy.- Limitations and Risks.- An Overview.- Selected Bibliography.- 2. Planning.- IA. Individual System Level.- IA1. Event Variation.- IA2. Public Acceptance of Planning.- I A3. Public Preparation.- IA4. Public Belief in Disaster Myths.- IIA. Group System Level.- IIA1. Life Cycles of Emergent Groups.- IIA2. Family Disaster Planning.- IIA3. Family Willingness to Participate in Preparedness Activities.- IIA4. Looting Fears.- III A. Organizational System Level.- IIIA1. General Principles.- IIIA2. Local Emergency Management-Civil Defense Agencies.- III A3. Hospital-Medical Units.- III A4. First Responders.- IIIA5. Mental Health Agencies.- IIIA6. Media Organizations.- IIIA7. Schools.- IVA. Community System Level.- IVA1. The Planning Payoff.- IVA2. Event Variability.- IVA3. Planning Principles.- IVA4. Unique Requirements of Disaster Planning.- IVA5. Community Mental Health Planning.- IVA6. Major Planning Weaknesses.- IVA7. Variability in Extent of Planning.- IVA8. Community Acceptance of Planning.- VA. Society System Level.- VAI. System Variation.- VA2. System Complexity.- VA3. System Changes.- VA4. System Outputs.- VIA. International System Level.- Selected Bibliography.- 3. Warning.- IB. Individual System Level.- IBI. Disaster Warnings as a Social Process.- IB2. Initial Responses.- IB3. Message Qualities.- IB4. Receiver Qualities.- IB5. Confirmation Behavior.- IIB. Group System Level.- IIB1. Group Impacts on Warning Belief.- IIB2. Confirmation and Coalescing Behavior.- IIB3. Earthquake Prediction Responses.- IIIB. Organizational System Level.- IIIB1. Correlates of Organizational Response.- IIIB2. Organization-Public Interface.- IVB. Community System Level.- IVB1. Community Variation in Warning System Composition.- IVB2. Correlates of Community Response.- VB. Society System Level.- VB1. Warning Systems within the U.S.A..- VB2. Warning Systems Outside the U.S.A..- VIB. International System Level.- Selected Bibliography.- 4. Evacuation and Other Forms of Pre-Impact Mobilization.- IC. Individual System Level.- IC1. Pre-evacuation Responses.- IC2. Evacuation Rates and Reasons.- IC3. Receiver Qualities.- IC4. Message Qualities.- IIC. Group System Level.- IIC 1. Group Interactions.- IIC2. Families as Evacuation Units.- IIC3. Shelter Selections.- IIIC. Organizational System Level.- IIIC1. Organizational Leadership in Evacuations.- IIIC2. Organizational Structure and Evacuation Effectiveness.- IIIC3. Media Organization Responses.- IVC. Community System Level.- IVC1. Community Dynamics.- IVC2. Disaster Subcultures.- IVC3. Public Shelter Use.- VC. Society System Level.- VC1. Natural Disaster Evacuations.- VC2. War-Caused Evacuations.- VIC. International System Level.- Selected Bibliography.- 5. Post-impact Emergency Actions.- ID. Individual System Level.- ID 1. Victim Reactions.- ID2. Non-Victim Actions.- ID3. Emotional Responses.- IID. Group System Level.- HD 1. Family Responses.- IID2. Emergent Group Responses.- HID. Organizational System Level.- IIID1. Initial Responses.- IIID2. Emergent Organizations.- IIID3. Stress Effects.- IIID4. Correlates of Effectiveness.- IIID5. Media Organization Responses.- IIID6. Medical Organization Responses.- IVD. Community System Level.- IVD1. Global Community Response Patterns.- IVD2. Correlates of Effectiveness.- IVD3. Community Solidarity.- IVD4. Interorganizational Relations.- IVD5. Emergency Medical Systems.- IVD6. Handling of the Dead.- VD. Society System Level.- VID. International System Level.- VIDI. Societal Response Differences.- VID2. International System Responses.- Selected Bibliography.- 6. Restoration.- IE. Individual System Level.- IE1. Victim Perceptions of the Recovery Process.- IE2. Victim Health Status.- IIE. Group System Level.- IIE1. Differential Participation in the Therapeutic Community.- IIE2. Relatives as Help Sources.- IIE3. Shelter Behaviors.- IIE4. Correlates of Family Recovery.- IIIE. Organizational System Level.- IIIE1. The Recovery Environment.- IIIE2. Emergent vs. Routine Task Structures.- IIIE3. Mental Health Impacts.- IIIE4. Media Responses.- IVE. Community System Level.- IVE1. Dynamics of the Mass Assault.- IVE2. Rise and Demise of the Synthetic Community.- IVE3. Community Conflict Patterns.- IVE4. Looting.- IVE5. Recovery Differentials.- IVE6. Pressures for Normalcy.- IVE7. Social Impacts.- VE. Society System Level.- VE 1. Relief Differentials.- VE2. Relocation.- VIE. International System Level.- VIE1. Public Health Myth.- VIE2. Societal Response Differences.- VIE3. International System Responses.- Selected Bibliography.- 7. Reconstruction.- IF. Individual System Level.- IF1. Findings of Continuity and Positive Impacts.- IF2. Findings of Negative Impacts.- IF3. Findings Suggesting Variation in Impact.- IF4. Children as Victims.- IF5. Secondary Victims.- IF6. Treatment Orientations.- IIF. Group System Level.- IIF1. Disaster Impacts on Family Functioning.- IIF2. Alterations in Family Recovery Capacity.- IIF3. Correlates of Family Adjustment.- IIIF. Organizational System Level.- IIIF1. Organizational Change: Global Patterns.- IIIF2. Organizational Change: Adoption of Innovations.- IIIF3. Organizational Change: Image Alterations.- IIIF4. Emergent Organizations.- IIIF5. Mental Health Needs Assessments and Impacts.- IVF. Community System Level.- IVF1. Blame Assignation Processes.- IVF2. Disaster-Induced Community Change.- IVF3. Housing and Reconstruction Planning Problems.- VF. Society System Level.- VIF. International System Level.- VIF1. Dynamics of the Recovery Process.- VIF2. Societal Variations.- Selected Bibliography.- 8. Hazard Perceptions.- IG. Individual System Level.- IG1. Hazard Awareness and Salience.- IG2. The Role of Experience.- IG3. Other Correlates of Hazard Perception.- IIG. Group System Level.- IIIG. Organizational System Level.- IIIG1. Hazard Perceptions Among Organizational Executives.- IIIG2. Public Education Efforts.- IIIG3. Media Organizations: Coverage and Influence.- IVG. Community System Level.- IVG1. Community Variations in Threat Perceptions.- IVG2. Disaster Subcultures.- VG. Society System Level.- VIG. International System Level.- VIG1. Societal Comparisons.- VIG2. Media Reporting.- Selected Bibliography.- 9. Attitudes toward and the Adoption of Adjustments.- IH. Individual System Level.- IH1. Hazard Adjustments: Impacts and Perceptual Patterns.- IH2. Adoption of Hazard Insurance.- IH3. Attitudes toward Earthquake Predictions.- IH4. Other Adjustments.- IIH. Group System Level.- IIIH. Organizational System Level.- IIIH1. Hazard Manager Actions.- IIIH2. Earthquake Disclosure Legislation.- IIIH3. Hazard Insurance.- IIIH4. Public Education.- IVH. Community System Level.- IVH1. The Impact of Disaster Experience.- IVH2. Correlates of Community Adoption of Hazard Mitigation Adjustments.- IVH3. Anticipating Opposition.- VH. Society System Level.- VH1. Factors Affecting Vulnerability.- VH2. Trends in Mitigation Policy.- VH3. Evaluations of Program Outcomes.- VH4. Predicting the Adoption of Risk Mitigation Adjustments.- VH5. Disaster Relief Policies and Outcomes.- VH6. Factors Influencing Research Applications.- VIH. International System Level.- VIH1. Projections of Disaster Vulnerability.- VIH2. Disaster Assistance.- VIH3. Intersocietal Comparisons.- Selected Bibliography.- 10. Disaster Research: A Strategic Research Site.- The Progress of a Decade.- Priorities for the Future.- Opportunities for Policy and Application.- Candidates for Model Building.- Areas Requiring Exploration.- Payoffs for Sociological Theory.- Master Bibliography.- Author Index.