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The subject of rad io-wave scatterin g by t urbulen t irregu lari t ies in t he t ropospheri c index of r efr action is r eviewed .D escriptions of t h e t urbulen t m edium a re con sidered first, togeth er wlth a st atus r eport on phys ical t heo ries for t he sp ectrum of irreg ul a ri ties.Ph a e and amplit ude scin t illations indu ced on electromagnetic waves p ro pagated a lo ng lin e-ofsigh t paths are dl sc ussed next.The compleme ntary problems of sig nal statistics a nd electromag netic-propagation calcul at ions a re s umma ri zed a nd co mpa red wi t h ava ilable data.Bot h t he geometrical optics and wave t heory a pproac hes a re di sc us ed.The theo r y of propagation beyond t he hori zon by scatter in g from t ile same irreg ul a ri t ies is t hen desc rihed.A curre nt re vi ew of the predi ction s for received power, signa l fluctuation s, an d a n tenn a effects is g ive n .The pape r is prima ri ly a r evie w of t he esse ntia l a nd a uxili a ry p redi ctions of scatte r t heo ry, b ut a lso co nta ins a co nsid erab le a moun t of unpublished re ear ch by t he a u t ho r.
Albert D. Wheelon (1959) studied this question.