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In a quantitative study of the pattern of a plant species in a given area, there are usually three facts which an investigator wishes to learn at the outset. These are: (1) the density, or number of individuals per unit area; (2) whether or not the individuals are dispersed at random; and (3) the degree of non-randomness if they are non-random. The measure of non-randomness must be such that in comparing two separate populations neither of which is random one can decide whether the departures from randomness in the two cases differ significantly from each other. David but the effort expended in getting these results is hardly warranted in the preliminary study of a population and they will not be considered further here. There may thus be three distinct items in one's observational results:
E. C. Pielou (Thu,) studied this question.