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hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions, with which anionic donor (sensitizer) molecules are integrated through electrostatic interactions. Triplet energy is quantitatively transferred from the excited donor to the acceptor, which is followed by effective triplet energy migration among the pre-organized acceptors. It leads to TTA and concomitant UC emission in water. The dense acceptor chromophore arrays with extended hydrogen bonding networks show efficient barrier properties against molecular oxygen, as demonstrated by the stable UC emission even in air-saturated water.
Kouno et al. (Fri,) studied this question.