The path of the law: Towards legal singularity

In the Harvard Law Review in 1897, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., wrote that ‘for the rational study of the law the black-letter man may be the man of the present, but the man of the future is the man of statistics and the master of economics.’ 1 Now, nearly 120 years later, the future that Holmes foresaw is arriving. Much of the global population has transitioned from an analogue, paper-based world with unreliable, slow, and costly communication to a digitally connected world with almost universal real time and nearly costless communication. And within this digital world, we are witnessing substantially greater availability of data and improved methods of machine learning through advances in computer-assisted modelling and inference. The implications for law of an abundance of data of all kinds and dramatically more effective statistical tools are becoming visible. The ultimate consequences for law will be profound. I propose referring to the culmination of these developments as ‘the legal singularity.’ The legal singularity will affect all areas of the law. For the purposes of illustration, I focus my attention here on tax law. I predict that the coming decades will witness three gradual transitions as the legal singularity draws nearer: (a) improved dispute resolution and access to justice in tax law, primarily through the transition from our current reliance on standards (adjudicated ex post) to greater reliance on query-able systems of complex rules (knowable ex ante); (b) a transition to superior and increasingly more complete specifications of tax law (that is, a gradual transition from the complex, unwieldy, uncoordinated tax systems of today to tax systems that are massively complex and yet precisely and effectively distribute benefits and burdens); and (c) with the realization of the legal singularity, a complete specification of tax law (and, indeed, all of the other areas of law), which will thenceforth remain (more or less) in positive and normative equilibrium. The equilibrium achieved by the legal singularity will be a type of reflective equilibrium along the lines described by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice. 2