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Critical infrastructures as water treatment, power distribution, or telecommunications, provide daily services essential to our lifestyle. Any service discontinuity can have a high impact into our society and even into our safety. Thus, security of these systems against intentional threats must be guaranteed. However, many of these systems are based on protocols initially designed to operate on closed, unroutable networks, making them an easy target for cybercriminals. In this regard, Modbus is a widely adopted protocol in control systems. Modbus protocol, however, lacks for security properties and is vulnerable to plenty of attacks (as spoofing, flooding, or replay, to name a few). In this paper, we propose a formal modeling of Modbus protocol using an extension of hierarchical state-machines that is automatically transformed to a Promela model. This model allows us to find counterexamples of security properties by model-checking. In particular, the original contribution of this paper is the formal demonstration of the existence of man-in-the-middle attacks in Modbus-based systems. Our approach also allows to formally evaluate security properties in future extensions of Modbus protocols.
Nardone et al. (Thu,) studied this question.