Transparency of action and support in the Paris Agreement

The transparency framework under Article 13 of the Paris Agreement further enhances existing arrangements, in which commitments and actions were ‘measurable, reportable, and verifiable’ (MRV). Locating itself in the earlier MRV literature, the article examines the Paris transparency framework comprehensively, while deepening analysis of key aspects: differentiation, common modalities, procedures, and guidelines (MPG), adaptation, support, and technical expert review. The article illustrates the shifts from MRV to the Paris Agreement enhanced transparency framework. The transparency framework is characterized neither as ‘common’ nor ‘differentiated’, but includes common MPG, underpinned by built-in flexibility and continuous capacity building. Informational requirements on action are common, whereas those in relation to support are differentiated. The Paris Agreement established mandatory requirements to report regularly GHG inventories and information to track progress on implementing and achieving nationally determined contributions. Information on both mitigation and support is subject to technical expert review, which operationally may combine the work of expert review teams and technical teams of experts. The article considers implications for further work at the domestic and international levels.Policy relevanceThe enhanced transparency framework on action and support is central to the Paris Agreement, adding mandatory components of review.The transition from MRV to transparency should bear in mind existing arrangements.Expert review teams and technical teams of experts could be combined.The scope of transparency includes adaptation, and methodological work needed.Domestic institutional arrangements remain key, requiring continuous support for capacity.