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Construction projects are complex undertakings, which involve many different parties striving towards successful completion. Effective and efficient processes are based on collaboration with an integrated project delivery approach, the project team working together as a cohesive unit towards a common goal. However, the current procurement system adopted creates fragmentation of the design and construction teams, which results in projects being delivered late, constructability issues, final project cost exceeding the approved budget, and variation orders.
Govender et al. (2018) studied this question.