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This paper presents a new SRNC relocation approach based on BOFC functions. The new approach handles all possible combinations of the user equipment movements, particularly, when it moves across overlapped regions with different GGSN branches. Additionally, it integrates both RNC and BS levels in order to reduce the number of packets loss during the hard handover process. The experimental results showed that the new approach reduces the packet-loss ratio in comparison to both SRNC and BOFC approaches. Besides, the experimental results showed that the average execution time of the handover procedure in each network component is closed to the average execution time of the BOFC approach.
Nashwan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.