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This paper presents a self-powered wireless temperature sensor node for power grid monitoring. With an electromagnetic energy harvester, the node can operate without a battery. In order to reduce the power consumption, several techniques, including deep duty-cycle operation, simple chip architecture with only transmitter, and careful control of sleeping power, are adopted, reducing the average power consumption to only 3.26 μW. The measurement results show that the temperature range is from 0 to 80 °C with a resolution of 0.8 °C. With 2-FSK modulation on the carrier frequency of 433 MHz, the maximum output power is 14.5 dBm, which enables the transmission distance of 70 m, with a bit error rate and packet loss rate of 0.037% and 0.89%, respectively. Similar system architectures and ultralow power (ULP) strategies can be applied to other wireless sensor networks.
Chen et al. (2018) studied this question.