Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Guide to Best Practice

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is a multivariate statistical method that has become a fundamental tool in the development and validation of psychological theories and measurements. However, researchers must make several thoughtful and evidence-based methodological decisions while conducting an EFA, and there are a number of options available at each decision point, some better than others. Reviews of the professional literature have consistently found that many applications of EFA are marked by an injudicious choice of methods and incomplete reports. This article provides a systematic, evidence-based guide to the conduct of EFA studies that can be followed by researchers with modest statistical training, supplemented with an example to illustrate its application.