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This paper reports the results of a survey of senior project managers. The results clearly and unequivocally identify positive success and negative leadership as the cause of project failure. The characteristics of leadership are further identified, as well as the project management tools that are most useful and most often used. It can be concluded that organizational effectiveness requires project managers to combine their technical competency with the ability to develop and display leadership.
Zimmerer et al. (Sun,) studied this question.