Effects of exercise modalities on central hemodynamics, arterial stiffness and cardiac function in cardiovascular disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Aerobic and resistance exercise significantly decreased ASP, and long-term aerobic exercise reduced AIx. Meanwhile, aerobic and combined exercise significantly improved central arterial stiffness and cardiac function in patients with CVD. These findings suggest that a well-planned regime could optimize the beneficial effects of exercise and can provide some evidence-based guidance for those involved in cardiovascular rehabilitation of patients with CVD.