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For safe driving, drivers must look and focus on the road ahead. However, many drivers engage in other activities while driving, such as using a cell phone or eating food. These activities increase the risk of accidents as driving concentration decreases. The importance of vehicle operation is increasing due to the rapid development of information technology and the electrification of automobiles. In the United States, a total of 3,477 deaths and 391,000 injuries were recorded in 2015 due to distracted driving According to the 2017 traffic safety report of the American automobile association (AAA), two out of three drivers have reported using their cell phones, and one out of three drivers has reported texting while driving Since these behaviors interfere with safe driving, the National highway traffic safety administration (NHTSA) 3 has defined several types of distracted driving, as listed in Table
Kim et al. (Wed,) studied this question.