Stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience in Canadian farmers

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression, and resilience amongst Canadian farmers. METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey using validated psychometric scales Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale conducted with farmers in Canada between September 2015 and February 2016. RESULTS: 1132 farmers participated in the study. The average PSS score was 18.9. Approximately 57% and 33% of participants were classified as possible and probable cases for anxiety, respectively; the respective proportions for depression were 34% and 15%. The average resilience score was 71.1. Scores for stress, anxiety, and depression were higher, and resilience lower, than reported normative data. Females scored less favorably on all mental health outcomes studied, highlighting important gender disparities. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight a significant public health concern amongst farmers, and illustrate a critical need for research and interventions related to farmer mental health. These findings are important for policymakers, physicians, and public and mental health service providers, and can help to inform decision-making, policy recommendations, resource allocation, and development and delivery of training programs for farmers.