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is reversibly changed according to the cell viability, these probes reversibly detect cell viability. The reversible and simultaneously dual-color fluorescent probes were developed based on the relocalization mode and aggregation-induced emission shift. The probes target mitochondria to form aggregates with deep-red emission, while they migrate into the nucleus to present in monomers with green fluorescence. In this manner, the probes enable dual-color and reversible detection of cell viability. Fluorescent probes for cell viability based on sensing the membrane integrity, caspase activity, and membrane symmetry are also presented. High-polarity and large-size fluorescent probes impermeable to the intact lipid bilayer selectively target apoptotic cells with a destructive plasma membrane. Fluorescent probes sensing caspases in a turn-on manner exclusively light up apoptotic cells with caspase expression. Membrane-impermeable probes with high affinity to phosphatidylserine (PS) specifically stain the plasma membrane of dead cells, since PS flip-flops to the outer leaflet of the membrane during cell death. In summary, this Account illustrates the basic principles, design strategies, characteristics, and advantages of the fluorescent probes for cell viability, and it highlights the dual-color and reversible probes, which can promote the development of fluorescent probes, apoptosis studies, drug discovery, and other relative areas.
Tian et al. (Tue,) studied this question.