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Implantable pressure biosensors show great potential for assessment and diagnostics of pressure-related diseases. Here, we present a structural design strategy to fabricate core/shell polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)/hydroxylamine hydrochloride (HHE) organic piezoelectric nanofibers (OPNs) with well-controlled and self-orientated nanocrystals in the spatial uniaxial orientation (SUO) of β-phase-rich fibers, which significantly enhance piezoelectric performance, fatigue resistance, stability, and biocompatibility. Then PVDF/HHE OPNs soft sensors are developed and used to monitor subtle pressure changes in vivo. Upon implanting into pig, PVDF/HHE OPNs sensors demonstrate their ultrahigh detecting sensitivity and accuracy to capture micropressure changes at the outside of cardiovascular walls, and output piezoelectric signals can real-time and synchronously reflect and distinguish changes of cardiovascular elasticity and occurrence of atrioventricular heart-block and formation of thrombus. Such biological information can provide a diagnostic basis for early assessment and diagnosis of thrombosis and atherosclerosis, especially for postoperative recrudescence of thrombus deep within the human body.
Li et al. (Fri,) studied this question.