Keratinocytic Skin Cancer Detection on the Face Using Region-Based Convolutional Neural Network

Importance: Detection of cutaneous cancer on the face using deep-learning algorithms has been challenging because various anatomic structures create curves and shades that confuse the algorithm and can potentially lead to false-positive results. Objective: To evaluate whether an algorithm can automatically locate suspected areas and predict the probability of a lesion being malignant. Design, Setting, and Participants: Region-based convolutional neural network technology was used to create 924 538 possible lesions by extracting nodular benign lesions from 182 348 clinical photographs. After manually or automatically annotating these possible lesions based on image findings, convolutional neural networks were trained with 1 106 886 image crops to locate and diagnose cancer. Validation data sets (2844 images from 673 patients; mean SD age, 58.2 19.9 years; 308 men 45.8%; 185 patients with malignant tumors, 305 with benign tumors, and 183 free of tumor) were obtained from 3 hospitals between January 1, 2010, and September 30, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, F1 score (mean of precision and recall; range, 0.000-1.000), and Youden index score (sensitivity + specificity -1; 0%-100%) were used to compare the performance of the algorithm with that of the participants. Results: The algorithm analyzed a mean (SD) of 4.2 (2.4) photographs per patient and reported the malignancy score according to the highest malignancy output. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the validation data set (673 patients) was 0.910. At a high-sensitivity cutoff threshold, the sensitivity and specificity of the model with the 673 patients were 76.8% and 90.6%, respectively. With the test partition (325 images; 80 patients), the performance of the algorithm was compared with the performance of 13 board-certified dermatologists, 34 dermatology residents, 20 nondermatologic physicians, and 52 members of the general public with no medical background. When the disease screening performance was evaluated at high sensitivity areas using the F1 score and Youden index score, the algorithm showed a higher F1 score (0.831 vs 0.653 0.126, P < .001) and Youden index score (0.675 vs 0.417 0.124, P < .001) than that of nondermatologic physicians. The accuracy of the algorithm was comparable with that of dermatologists (F1 score, 0.831 vs 0.835 0.040; Youden index score, 0.675 vs 0.671 0.100). Conclusions and Relevance: The results of the study suggest that the algorithm could localize and diagnose skin cancer without preselection of suspicious lesions by dermatologists.