The sweet danger of added sugars.

Dietary behaviour is determined by community, family and individual factors, including availability and costs of foods. Preference for sweetness starts early in life and remains throughout childhood, and starts declining to adult levels only during mid-adolescence. This explains why children are at high risk of sugar overconsumption. The empty calories of added sugar hinder the proper growth and development, due to the lack of nutrients. The relationship between added sugar consumption and possibile negative health consequences is controversial. For added sugars we mean all those sugars added to food or drinks, or present naturally in unsweetened fruit juices, honey or syrups. It does not include natural sugar found in vegetables, fruits and milk. Some investigators claim that excessive sugar consumption is associated with increased risk of caries Paglia et al., 2016, obesity Costacurta et al., 2014, cardiovascular disease (CVD) Vos et al., 2017, type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In addition, obesity is the primary risk factor for the development of SDB (sleep-disordered breathing). Inadeguate sleep duration and quality in children and adolescents is associated with an increase in body weight and adiposity, decreased insulin sensitivity, hyperglycemia, and prevalent cardiometabolic risk factors. Finally, the interest in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during childhood has recently increased. Some researchers are looking for a link between high sugar consumption over a long period and ADHD Del-Ponte et al., 2019. These statements have influenced organisations such as the American Hearth Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and the World Health Organization (WHO), who recommend to limit free sugars intake to less than 10% of the total energy intake for adults and children, observing that a further reduction of 5% would provide additional health benefits WHO, 2015. The first few months of life are crucial for the flavour learning process in humans. Early experience with different tastes is very important for later acceptance of foods, especially the healthy ones. Clinicians and parents can and should support in synergy the healthy development of children's taste preference and eating behaviour.