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Remote driving is a difficult task. Not only do operators have problems perceiving and evaluating the remote environment, but they frequently make incorrect or sub-optimal control decisions. Thus, there is a need to develop alternative approaches which make remote driving easier and more productive. To address this need, we have developed three novel user interfaces: GestureDriver, HapticDriver and PdaDriver. In this paper, we present the motivation for and design of each interface. We also discuss research issues related to the use of gesture, haptics, and palm-size computers for remote driving. Finally, we describe lessons learned, potential applications and planned extensions for each interface.
Fong et al. (Fri,) studied this question.