Laser powder bed fusion of Nd–Fe–B permanent magnets

Abstract In this work, we use laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) to produce Nd–Fe–B magnets. A suitable process window is developed, which allows to fabricate isotropic samples with outstanding magnetic performance. The sample quality is mainly defined by the energy input during LPBF and sintering or delamination occurs, if the process parameter are improperly adjusted. Magnetic and structural properties become better as energy input increases, until the material-specific limit for processability has been reached. Magnets with coercivity of 886 kA/m ( µ 0 H c = 1.1 T) and maximum energy product of 63 kJ/m 3 can be produced from Nd-lean commercial powder without any post treatment. Thereby, our samples represent the new benchmark for permanent magnets produced by additive manufacturing. On the example of coercivity, the impact of laser power, scan velocity and hatch spacing is discussed. It is shown that coercivity can be sufficiently well described by a simple phenomenological model.