Estimation and influence of blood loss under endoscope for percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD): a clinical observational study combined with in vitro experiment

HCT-M is a reliable method to estimate endoscopic blood loss in PELD. The amount of endoscopic blood loss affects the operative procedure in operation time and fluoroscopy frequency, as well as clinical effects in VAS and ODI scores after operation in short term.