Potential risks of nicotine on the germination, growth, and nutritional properties of broad bean

. Moreover, nicotine resulted in a bitter taste in the edible broad bean leaves, disrupting the balance of basic nutritional properties, decreasing sucrose, and increasing bitter substances such as choline and procyanidin. These results demonstrated that residual nicotine in the soil not only poses potential risks to sustainable agricultural development but also a food safety risk for consumers. The present study provides insight into the potential risks of nicotine in agroecosystems.