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Abstract The characteristics and diclofenac adsorption properties of a carbon adsorbent prepared from palm kernel shells were studied. The adsorbent prepared via hydrothermal carbonization followed by an activation in nitrogen flow had a mesoporous structure with homogenous pore distribution and the specific surface area of 131 m 2 g −1 . The Raman spectra showed a formation of graphene or graphite structures in the material during activation with small number of defects based on its I D /I G ratio of about 0.5. The FTIR analysis showed both a qualitative and quantitative decrease in the functional groups of the raw material after activation. The developed adsorbent was found to be effective in the removal of diclofenac with 95% maximum removal at pH 2, adsorbent dose of 15 gL −1 and adsorbate dose of 50 mgL −1 . Diclofenac adsorption followed the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation coefficient R 2 > 0.98. The adsorption kinetics was explained by the second-order kinetic model with rate constant (K 2 ) 0.869 min −1 . The interaction via aromatic π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding between -OH groups of phenol and carboxylic acid groups of DCF are leading to a good adsorption efficiency despite of the low surface area of the adsorbent. Graphic abstract
Yaah et al. (Mon,) studied this question.