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Environmentally proactive member states of the European Union (EU) European legislation in different ways. Green ' pushers' seek direct al the EU level, whereas 'forerunners' try to gel national elements in an indirect fashion. Together with a second dimension, the of national policies (purposeful or incremental), four national positions EU legislation can be identified: pusher-by-examplc, constructive, defensive forerunner, and opter-OUl We applied an amended version this framework to the influence of three 'green' member states (the, the United Kingdom. , and Denmark) on the European and the European Council when preparing and deciding on new as to carbon dioxide taxation and emissions trading (related to policy). Different aspeclS of influence were tested: timing, nature of, alliance building, and uploading of national clcmcnl'!. We that one type of position should be revised (lale starter is to optcr-out) ; besides. countries may simultaneously follow strategies rather than adopt one single approach.
Veenman et al. (Thu,) studied this question.