Demystifying the Memory System of Modern Datacenter FPGAs for Software Programmers through Microbenchmarking

With the public availability of FPGAs from major cloud service providers like AWS, Alibaba, and Nimbix, hardware and software developers can now easily access FPGA platforms. However, it is nontrivial to develop efficient FPGA accelerators, especially for software programmers who use high-level synthesis (HLS).