50 Grades of Shade

Abstract Cities increasingly recognize the importance of shade to reduce heat stress and adopt urban forestry plans with ambitious canopy goals. Yet, the implementation of tree and shade plans often faces maintenance, water use, and infrastructure challenges. Understanding the performance of natural and nonnatural shade is critical to support active shade management in the built environment. We conducted hourly transects in Tempe, Arizona, with the mobile human-biometeorological station MaRTy on hot summer days to quantify the efficacy of various shade types. We sampled sun-exposed reference locations and shade types grouped by urban form, lightweight/engineered shade, and tree species over multiple ground surfaces. We investigated shade performance during the day, at peak incoming solar, at peak air temperature, and after sunset using three thermal metrics: the difference between a shaded and sun-exposed location in air temperature (∆ T a ), surface temperature (∆ T s ), and mean radiant temperature (∆ T MRT ). Air temperature did not vary significantly between shade groups, but ∆ T MRT spanned a 50°C range across observations. At daytime, shade from urban form most effectively reduced T s and T MRT , followed by trees and lightweight structures. Shade from urban form performed differently with changing orientation. Tree shade performance varied widely; native and palm trees were least effective, while nonnative trees were most effective. All shade types exhibited heat retention (positive ∆ T MRT ) after sunset. Based on the observations, we developed characteristic shade performance curves that will inform the City of Tempe’s design guidelines toward using “the right shade in the right place” and form the basis for the development of microclimate zones (MCSz).