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Abstract A k- means clustering method is applied to daily ERA5 500-hPa heights, sea level pressure, and 850-hPa winds, 1979–2008, to identify characteristic weather types (WTs) for September–November for the northeast United States. The resulting WTs are analyzed in terms of structure, frequency of occurrence, typical progressions, precipitation and temperature characteristics, and relation to teleconnections. The WTs are used to make a daily circulation-based distinction between early and late autumn and consider shifts in seasonality. Seven WTs are identified for the autumn season, representing a range of trough and ridge patterns. The largest average values of precipitation and greatest likelihood of extremes occur in the Midwestern Trough and Atlantic Ridge patterns. The greatest likelihood of extreme temperatures occurs in the Northeast Ridge. Some WTs are strongly associated with the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Pacific–North America pattern, with frequency of occurrence for several WTs changing by more than a factor of 2. The two most common progressions between the WTs are one most frequent in September, Mid-Atlantic Trough to Northeast Ridge to Mid-Atlantic Trough, and one most frequent in mid-October–November, Midwestern Trough to Northeast Trough to Midwestern Trough. This seasonality allows for a daily WT-based distinction between early and late season. A preliminary trend analysis indicates an increase in early season WTs later in the season and a decrease in late season WTs earlier in the season; that is, a shift toward a longer period of warm season patterns and a shorter, delayed period of cold season patterns.
Coe et al. (Tue,) studied this question.