Performance analysis and design of loitering munitions: A comprehensive technical survey of recent developments

Loitering munitions are increasingly used in armed conflicts. An extensive database of loitering munitions is developed based on information available in the public domain. This database includes dimensions, weights, and performance parameters such as flight endurance and communication range. Based upon this dataset, 6 categories of loitering munitions are identified and statistical trends in the form of equations are provided for each category. The statistical trends are supported by aircraft performance theory tailored to loitering munitions applications. Altogether, the combination of the database, statistical trends and aircraft performance theory can be used to analyse the flight performance and design considerations of new loitering munitions of which only limited non-technical information is available in the public domain such as pictures and news articles. Based on the statistical trends and aircraft performance theory it is concluded that for long range applications, the preferred design solution is the conventional configuration. The cruciform configuration is beneficial in case precision flight path control is of prime importance. The tandem wing configuration combines the benefits of a canister launch and relatively high aspect ratio wings suitable for long range flight. Finally, the delta wing design provides a large internal volume and a high terminal attack airspeed. Two example case studies are included to illustrate the flight performance capabilities of two types of loitering munitions used in the current conflict in Yemen (a long range conventional design and a delta wing configuration).